The Rise in Viral Respiratory Infections: Human Metapneumovirus

As winter deepens across the Northern Hemisphere, healthcare systems are facing a surge in viral respiratory infections. Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are leading causes of hospitalisations, particularly in vulnerable populations. Recent reports of a rise in hMPV cases in China have brought renewed attention to this lesser-known virus.

This article explores the impact of these respiratory viruses and why human metapneumovirus deserves greater awareness.

What is Human Metapneumovirus?

Human metapneumovirus is a respiratory virus that was first identified in 2001. It belongs to the same family as RSV and can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from mild cold-like symptoms to severe complications like pneumonia.

Although hMPV infections occur year-round, they peak during the winter months, coinciding with other respiratory viruses like influenza and RSV.

Common symptoms of hMPV include:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath

In severe cases, hMPV can cause bronchitis, pneumonia, and respiratory distress, especially in those with weakened immune systems.

Why is hMPV Gaining Media Attention?

Recent reports from China indicate a significant rise in hMPV cases, particularly among children. Health authorities observed that hMPV accounted for a notable proportion of respiratory illnesses in late 2024.

This rise has sparked global concern, as hMPV is often overlooked compared to more well-known respiratory viruses like influenza and RSV. However, public health experts stress that these increases are within expected seasonal patterns.

The Prevalence of hMPV in the UK

In the UK, human metapneumovirus has been detected in routine respiratory virus surveillance. According to recent data, PCR tests for hMPV showed a peak positivity rate of over 4% during the winter season.

While this may seem low compared to influenza and RSV, hMPV is known to be underreported. Many cases go undiagnosed because symptoms overlap with other respiratory illnesses, and testing is not always performed.

Who is Most at Risk from hMPV?

Although hMPV can infect people of all ages, it poses the greatest risk to vulnerable groups. These include:

• Infants and young children
• Older adults
• Immunocompromised individuals

Immunocompromised individuals, in particular, are at risk of severe complications from hMPV. For these patients, the virus can cause life-threatening pneumonia, often requiring hospitalisation and intensive care.

Individuals undergoing cancer treatment, organ transplant recipients, and those with chronic conditions like HIV are especially vulnerable to severe hMPV infections.

Comparison: hMPV vs. Influenza and RSV

While influenza, RSV, and hMPV all cause respiratory infections, there are key differences between these viruses.

Unlike influenza and RSV, there is currently no vaccine for human metapneumovirus. However, research is ongoing, and scientists are hopeful that a vaccine may become available in the future.

Preventive Measures to Reduce the Risk of Respiratory Viruses

To protect yourself and others from respiratory viruses like influenza, RSV, and hMPV, follow these preventive measures:

1. Practice Good Hand Hygiene

Wash your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap is unavailable, use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.

2. Practice Respiratory Etiquette

Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Use a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of droplets.

3. Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals

If someone around you is unwell, maintain distance to reduce the risk of infection.

Is There a Treatment for hMPV?

There is no specific antiviral treatment for hMPV. Management focuses on relieving symptoms, such as using fever-reducing medications and ensuring adequate hydration.

Severe cases, particularly in high-risk individuals, may require hospitalisation for oxygen therapy or ventilatory support.

What to Expect This Winter

With the rise of respiratory viruses, healthcare systems may experience increased pressure during the winter season. Influenza, RSV, and hMPV can all contribute to hospitalisations, particularly among vulnerable populations.

While vaccines are available for influenza and RSV, the lack of an hMPV vaccine highlights the importance of preventive measures and early diagnosis.

Conclusion

The rise in influenza, RSV, and human metapneumovirus cases highlights the importance of public health awareness. Although hMPV is less well-known, it poses a serious risk to vulnerable individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems.

As healthcare systems brace for a challenging winter, individuals can play a crucial role in reducing transmission by practising good hygiene and staying vigilant for symptoms.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment